Trauma can sometimes be passed down from one generation to the next, a phenomenon called intergenerational trauma. This has been studied in various communities who have experienced major traumatic events, and it’s linked to issues like anxiety, depression, difficulty forming strong parent-child relationships, hypervigilance, and substance abuse.
Recently, I explored intergenerational trauma among Pakistani-Americans caused by the Partition of India and Pakistan. The trauma experienced by survivors of this event has been unknowingly passed down to their children and grandchildren, affecting entire family systems. Here are seven main themes that show the psychological effects of this trauma on both first- and second-generation Pakistani-Americans:
- Specific traumatic events: Traumatic experiences have been shared through stories, often relived by the next generation through their family members’ experiences.
- Emotional responses and mental health: Feelings about the Partition have been passed down, with older generations less interested in seeking mental health support, while younger generations want help but face barriers to getting it.
- Colonial mentality and discrimination: Internalized colonialism can cause feelings of self-doubt, confusion about identity, cultural shame, discrimination within the community, and a sense of inferiority, as well as discrimination from non-Muslims.
- Family impacts: The trauma of separation, death, and strained relationships has had lasting effects on family dynamics.
- Identity formation: The first generation held on to their heritage, while the second generation often feels torn between their cultural roots and the broader society, leading to "code switching" and a mix of identities.
- Avoidance and longing: The first generation may avoid facing painful memories, thinking it will protect others, but this leaves the second generation with confusion and a deep longing to understand their history, causing grief.
- Perceived loss and immigration challenges: The loss of homes, jobs, and identities that were tied to their homeland has had a lasting impact.
With a better understanding of our unresolved intergenerational trauma, comes a better understanding of how to address issues at their root, which may prevent suffering for future generations. For those who experienced traumatic events, it is common to want to forget. However, silence can be unhelpful. To heal from trauma, survivors must talking about it and more importantly, it must be heard.
In looking for a mental health professional to address trauma, there are a couple points to consider. Find someone who is knowledgeable about intergenerational trauma in particular, as many therapist understand trauma in general but may not be familiar with the nuances of intergenerational trauma. Secondly, they should use evidence-based approached to help process trauma. Lastly, they should understand that intergenerational trauma can manifest differently in one individual to the next.
Mariam Chohan is a clinical psychologist practicing in Maryland. She holds a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degree and is a board-certified behavior analyst. As a Pakistani-American Muslim, she brings a culturally informed perspective to her work, specializing in evidence-based approaches to mental health including a focus on intergenerational trauma. Her practice focuses on promoting holistic well-being and fostering meaningful change in diverse populations. To inquire about services or schedule an appointment, please contact Mariam at mariam.chohan@gmail.com.
