Chapter 2 - 96 [Part 1]
The Cow (Surah Al-Baqarah)
(286 verses in total, during the first two years in Madinah)
(2:281 is believed to be one of the last verses revealed though; also, possibly 4:176, 9:128)
In the name of ALLAH, the God of Mercy, the Endower of Mercy!
Alif, Lam, Meem!
This book, without any doubt[1] in it, is a guide for those who are Muttaqin[2] who (1) believe in the hidden aspects of the universe, (2) establish worship of God, (3) spend in the service of human beings from what God provisions[3] them with, (4) accept what has been revealed to them (this Qur’an) and what was revealed before them (such as from the Bible, the Torah, etc.), and (5) have firm faith in the Afterlife. These people are on the right guidance from their Sustainer God, and they are truly successful. (v. 1-5)
Those who persistently deny the truth (disbelievers[4])—it is the same whether you (Prophet) warn them or not—they are unlikely to believe. (It is as if) God has sealed off their hearts and their hearing, and placed a covering over their eyes, and this is serious consequences[5] for them. (v. 6-7)
There are people who say, “We believe in Allah and the Day of Judgment,” but this is a false claim. They attempt to deceive Allah and those who have faith, but in reality, they deceive none but themselves, and they are unable to perceive. They have a disease in their hearts, and Allah has increased the intensity of that disease as a form of severe punishment since they make false claims. (v. 8-10)
When they are advised not to make mischief on Earth, they say, “We are peacemakers!” Now, in reality, they are the mischief-makers, but they seem not to perceive themselves as such. When they are advised to believe as other people believe, they say, “Shall we believe in the manner of the fools?” Now, they are real fools, but they do not seem to understand it as such. When they meet people of faith, they say, “We believe like you,” but when they are alone with their evil companions[6], they say, “We are with you; we were just playing with them.” God will pay them back for their mockery by letting them continue to wander in their blind rebellion. These people buy error instead of guidance, and their bargain brings them neither profit nor guidance. (v. 11-16)
Their situation is like this parable: they light up a fire and it illuminates everything around them, but then God takes away that light and leaves them in the darkness unable to see; they become deaf, dumb, and blind, unable to return (to their original and pristine human essence!) (v. 17-18)
Or, (think of) this analogy: Clouds are blessed with abundant rain, but they also contain darkness, thunder, and lightning. They put their fingers into their ears for fear of thunder, for fear of death, and God surrounds all those who disbelieve. The lightning almost takes away their sight—when its light shines on them, they walk a little, and when it becomes dark, they stand still, afraid to move. If Allah intends, He would take away hearing and sight from them. Allah is Powerful over all things[7] (v. 19-20)
O Mankind, serve your Sustainer (God) Who created you and those before you, so that you can achieve taqwa. (It is God) who has made the earth a place for rest (and sustenance) for you and established the heaven as a protective canopy[8]. (It is God) who sends down rain from the clouds that help bring out fruits (and vegetation) for your food and provision. Therefore, do not set up rivals to Allah since you know. If you doubt as to the gradual revelation (of this Qur’an) to Our servant (Mohammad), then take this challenge: produce a chapter like this one and take advantage of all help you can gather, except the help of Allah, if you are really serious and truthful. Now if you do not follow through with this challenge, and you never can, then be aware of the consequences – a fire which is fueled by (ungrateful and unbelieving) human beings and stones (their false deities and vanities), a consequence for those who disbelieve. (v. 21-24)
(In contrast), give cheerful news to those who believe and do good work—for them are (reserved) gardens (instead of Fire) in which rivers flow. There they will be given fruits (or rewards) when they say, “This is something that was given to us before.” They will be given more, and they will have the comfort of their spouses who will be pure, and they (together) will reside there (v. 25)
God is not ashamed of setting forth any example, be that of a lowly gnat or anything higher. (When such a parable is presented), those who have faith realize intuitively that it reflects the truth from their Sustainer, and those who have no faith say, “What does Allah mean by this example?” God guides many (to the right path) by these examples and leaves many others in deeper disbelief by the same examples. God only leaves in error those who (1) exceed the limits, (2) disregard their bond with Allah after their commitment, (3) destroy the relationship that Allah has instructed them to maintain, and (4) create chaos and corruption on Earth. They are the ones without real guidance. (v. 26-27)
How can you deny Allah? You were without life, then God gave you life; after that God will bring your death; then God will bring you back to life; then you will return to God. God is the One who created everything on earth for your benefit and directed Himself to the heavens and completed the seven heavens. God knows the affairs of all things. (v. 28-29)
(Remember) when your Sustainer (God) said to the angels, “I am going to establish a representative[9] on Earth,” they said, “Why would You place such beings who will bring chaos and corruption on it and shed blood among themselves, whereas we celebrate Your praise and exalt Your divinity?” God replied, “I am aware of things that you have no knowledge of.”
Then God taught Adam the names (knowledge)[10] of all things and inquired of them from the angels. He said, “Tell Me the names of these if you are truthful (and knowledgeable).” The angels replied, “All glory is to You! We have no knowledge beyond what You have taught us. Truly, You are the One Who Knows (everything) and Who is (truly) Wise.” God then turned to Adam and said, “Adam, inform them of the names,” and he did so. Then God said to the angels, “Did I not tell you that I know the secrets of the heavens and the earth? I know equally well what you hide and what you expose.” And when God said to the angels, “Prostrate yourselves before Adam,” they all did except for Iblis[11], who refused because he was proud and was in denial. (v. 30-34)
God said to Adam, “Adam, live in this garden by yourself and with your wife[12], eat from its abundant fruits as you wish, and stay away from this tree; otherwise, you may become one of those who are prone to doing wrong.” But the Devil made them (both) forget the instruction from God and caused them to lose their status (in Heaven)[13]. God said, “Go out of this as adversaries of one another. On Earth you will have places to live, provisions allocated and assigned for a fixed time.” Then Adam received word[14] (of forgiveness and guidance) from his Sustainer, and He (God) turned to him mercifully, for God is ever Forgiving and Merciful. God said, “Leave this place (state) (to dwell on Earth). From Me you will receive guidance in time, and if you follow My guidance, there will be no reason to fear or to grieve. But whoever refuses and rejects Our guidance, they will become inhabitants of the Fire, where they will suffer (the consequences of their actions).” (v. 35-39)
Children of Israel, remember My (God’s) favors to you and be faithful to your promises to Me so that I can fulfill My promise to you. You should stand in awe of Me alone! Also, believe in what I have revealed (this Qur’an), which confirms what is already with you. Do not be the first one to deny this, and do not barter away at My message for a small gain. Also, mind your responsibility to Me. Do not mix up truth with falsehood, and do not hide the truth since you have the knowledge. Maintain your prayers (salat), support the needy (zakat), and bow down with those who now (to God). How is it that you lecture people to be good but neglect your own soul while reading the Book (your Torah and this Qur’an)? Have you then lost your senses? (v. 40-44)
Seek help with patience (sabr) and prayer (salat), and this is difficult to do except for those who are humble (khashi’in) – who know with certainty that they will meet with their Sustainer God and return to God eventually. (v. 45-46)
O Children of Israel, remember My favors that I had blessed you with, including the favor where I had made you excel among the nations. You should protect yourself against the Day (of Judgment) when no soul can assist another soul in the least, when no intervention will be allowed on its behalf, when no compensation will be accepted from it, and when no soul will be helped.[15] (v. 47-48)
Remember when God saved you from the Pharaoh who severely tormented you, killing your sons and sparing your women. This was a serious trial from God. Remember further when God parted the sea to save you while drowning the people of the Pharaoh as you looked on. And then God called to Moses (to instruct) for forty nights, and you took to a calf (as an object of worship) while he was away—you were unjust (and ungrateful)! Even after that God forgave so that you could be thankful. Then God gave Moses the Book (Torah) along with criteria to be guided by. (On his return) Moses said to his people, “My people, you have made a serious error in judgment in making the calf an object of worship. Therefore, turn to your Sustainer in repentance and remove (the evilness of) your souls. This is the best for you with your Creator.” God forgave them - God is ever Relenting and Merciful. (v. 49-54)
When the people (Jewish tribes) said to Moses, “Moses, we will not believe you until we see Allah face-to-face,” lightning and thunderbolt overtake them while they looked on[16]. Then God raised you from your unconsciousness so that you might be thankful. And God made the clouds to give you shade and sent manna (divinely provided food) and quail. Eat of the good things God has given you. (But those who continued to disobey), they did not harm to God, but harmed themselves. (v. 55-57)
And when God said, “Enter the city, then eat its abundant (food) as you wish, and enter the gate submissively (without causing atrocities) and ask for forgiveness (for prior sins). God will forgive your wrongful acts and increase your rewards for doing good,” those who were unjust changed the word (of God), which was spoken to them and turned into another word (with a different and opposite meaning); so, God sent a plague from Heaven because they caused mischief and transgressed[17]. (v. 58-59)
And when Moses prayed for water for his people, God said, “March forth and strike the rock with your stick,” and then 12 springs flowed from it. Each tribe knew their drinking place. (Therefore), eat and drink of the provisions of Allah, and do not act corruptly on earth, making mischief. And when people said, “Moses, we cannot endure one type of food. Please pray to your God on our behalf to bring us earthy food—its herbs, cucumbers, garlic, lentils, and onions,” Moses said, “Would you exchange what is good with what is worse? (If you so desire), go back to Egypt[18] and you will find what you ask for.” Abasement and humiliation descended on them, and they incurred displeasure from Allah. Why? Because they disbelieved in the message from Allah and would kill prophets without justification. This is how they rebelled (against God) and persisted in breaking the laws. (v60-61)
Surely, those who believe (Muslims), and those who are Jews, Christians and Sabians[19] - whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day (Afterlife), and does good work, they have their reward from their Sustainer God; there is no fear for them, and they will have no regrets. (v. 62)
And when God made a covenant with you (followers of Moses) with Mount Sinai rising high above you and said, “Hold firmly to what has been given to you and (try to) understand what is in it so that you may discharge your responsibilities,” even after that you had turned back. You would have become lost except for the Grace of Allah and His abundant Mercy. (v. 63-64)
And surely you know those who violated the Sabbath, so God said to them, “Be as apes[20], despised and hated.” We made them an example for those who witnessed it and for those who came after it in later generations and a reminder for those who aspire to be God-conscious and responsible.
And when Moses said to his people, “Allah commands you to sacrifice a cow,” they replied, “Are you making fun of us?” Moses replied, “I seek protection in Allah from acting like an ignorant person.” They said, “Ask your Lord for our sake to make it clear to us what she (the cow) is like.” Moses said, “She is of middle age, neither old nor too young. Therefore, do what you are asked (without delay, since you know now).” Instead, they said, “Call on your Lord for our sake of what color she is.” Moses answered, “Her color is intensely yellow, delightful to the eye.” They (persisted to) inquire further: “Ask your Lord on our behalf for her condition, since all cows look alike to us, and if Allah pleases, we shall be rightly guided this time.” Moses replied, “She is a cow without blemish, of good health, and was never made to plough or carry water.” They said, “Now you have given us the truth.” Then they slaughtered the cow, though reluctantly. (v. 65-71)
And (remember) when you (someone from the tribes of Jews) killed a man and then you disagreed about it (trying to put blame on others), but Allah wanted to expose what you wanted to hide. So God said, “Apply the (agreed upon) principle and method for solving a murder.” (This is an example of how) God brings out truth (life) from falsehood (death), and (thus) He shows His signs so that you may use your reasons.
Then your (some of the followers of Moses) heart hardened so that you became like a rock; rather, harder than a rock. Yet, there are rocks which burst with streams, rocks that split so water flows from them, and then there are rocks that fall in awe (khasyati) to Allah. And Allah is not indifferent to what you do. Do you (Mohammad) then hope that they will believe in you whereas a party of them used to hear the word of Allah and then alter it after they understood what was meant? They did this knowingly! (v. 72-75)
These people (Jews of Medina), when they meet people of faith (new Muslims), say, “We also believe,” and when they come together among themselves, they say (to one another), “Do you tell them what Allah had disclosed to you (in the Torah) so that they may win an argument with you before your Sustainer? Don’t you think logically?” (Here is God’s response): “Do they not understand that Allah knows what they hide and what they reveal?” (The reality is that) some of them are illiterate and do not know the Book (of revelation) except from hearsay, which is nothing but speculation. (v. 76-78)
Woe to those who write the book in their own hands and then say, “This is from Allah,” so as to earn a price from it. Cursed are what they write with their hands and what they earn (from it). They also say, “Fire will not touch us except for a few days.” Ask (them): “Have you received a promise from Allah that He will not fail to carry out? Or do you attribute to Allah a commitment that does not exist?” Those who do evil things and whose sins surround them from all sides, they will inhabit the Hellfire. (In contrast), those who believe and do good work will be the residents of the Garden (Heaven), and there they will reside. (v. 79-82)
When God accepted a solemn pledge from the children of Israel that you shall serve none but Allah, be good to your parents, to relatives, to orphans and the needy, (always) speak good words to people, maintain your prayers, and always give charity, you did not follow through, except for a few, and you were reluctant to keep (the commitment). Also (remember) when We took the pledge from you that you shall not shed blood nor turn your people out of your cities—you promised and witnessed this. (v. 83-84)
Yet, it is you who would kill your people and turn a party from among yourselves out of their homes, backing each other against them unlawfully and going beyond limits. And if they were to come to you as captives, you would ransom them, whereas it was unlawful (in the first place) for you to push them out. (The question is), do you then believe in part of the Book and disregard the other? What could then be the reward for such among you who do these things except that you would be disgraced in this world and severely punished on the Day of Resurrection? (You should realize) that Allah is not indifferent to what you do. Such people bargain this life for the Hereafter; consequently, their retributions will not be reduced, nor will they have any help. (v. 85-86)
God gave Moses the revelation, and God sent messengers after him, one after another. God also sent Jesus, son of Mary, with clear signs of truth and strengthened him with the Holy Spirit (Angel Gabriel). How is it that you (Jews and, by implication, Christians) became arrogant whenever God sent messengers whose messages did not agree with your desires? Some of them you denied, and others you would kill! They said, “Our hearts are full[21] (no further guidance).” No, God curses them for their denial—there is very little that they believe. (v. 87-88)
They (Jews and Christians) used to pray for victory against the disbelievers, but whenever a Book was brought to them from Allah confirming that which they used to have and they recognized the Book, they disbelieved in it (knowingly); therefore, Allah’s curse is on the disbelievers (even if they have the Book). Evil is the way they direct their souls, and out of envy they deny what Allah has revealed, envious that He had sent (message) to someone He had chosen out of His servants (other than one of them). Therefore, they incurred affliction after affliction, and there waits humiliating punishment for those who persist in their disbelief. When they are told, “Believe in what Allah has revealed,” they say, “We only believe in what was revealed to us.” They deny anything other than their own, even though it is the Truth that verifies what they have. Ask them then, “Why did you kill Allah’s prophets before this if you claim to be believers?” (v. 89-91)
Moses came to you (Children of Israel) with all the evidence of truth, but in his absence, you took the calf (as an object of worship), and you acted wickedly. (Remember) when God obtained a solemn pledge from you with Mount Sinai rising above you: “Take hold of what We (God) gave you with all your strength and be committed.” Instead, you said, “We listened, but we will not follow.” In their hearts there still was (the love of) the calf because of their disbelief. Say (Prophet), “If you were believers, how can your faith command you to do (such) evil?” (v. 92-93)
Ask them (Prophet): “If you claim that you will be Allah’s special guest in the Afterlife and other people will have no such privilege, then ask for death if you are truthful.” But they will never invoke (death) because they are afraid of what they have done before, and Allah has full knowledge of those who do evil (despite their claims to the contrary). You will find them clinging to the life of this world more eagerly than other people, even more so than those who are polytheists. Some of them love to be granted a life of a thousand years, but even if he is granted such a long life, it will in no way protect him from accountability. Allah is an observer of what they do. (v. 94-96)
Say: “Who considers Gabriel to be an enemy because he conveyed it in your heart (Prophet) by Allah’s permission, a revelation which verifies other revelations before it and is a guidance and a bearer of good news for the faithful? Whoever considers Allah, His angels, His Messengers, Gabriel and Michael[22] to be his enemies, then Allah is an enemy to those who persistently deny the truth.”
We (God) have revealed clear messages to you (Prophet), and nobody disbelieves except those who transgress. How is it that whenever they make a pledge, a party of them disregards such commitment? (That is because) most of them lack faith. (v. 97-100)
And (now that) a Messenger has come from Allah validating what they (Jews and Chris- tians) have, a party from the people of the Book[23] threw their Book of Allah behind their backs as if they knew nothing (of the coming of the Prophet Mohammad and the Qur’an). They follow what Shaitan (Devil) fabricated against the kingdom of Solomon. Solomon never disbelieved, while Shaitan was the one who disbelieved and taught people enchantments (witchcraft and sorcery). It was not taught by the two Angels- Harut and Marut, in Babel who always cautioned that this teaching was a trial for them and urged them not to disbelieve (by resorting magic, superstitions, or supernatural happenings). But they (some people) learned from them only that with which they could make discord between a man and his wife. But they cannot harm anyone without Allah’s permission. They (intend to) secure knowledge that only harms others and does not profit them. They know well that whoever buys these (e.g., witch- craft, sorcery, etc.) will be deprived of any good in the Hereafter. Evil is the exchange they make for their souls, if they understand (the consequences!). (On the other hand), if they had believed and carried out their responsibilities, then their reward from Allah would have been better. Again, only if they understood (the reality)! (v. 101-103)
You who have faith, do not say (to the Prophet), “Rai’na (listen to us),” but instead say, “Unzur-naa (have patience with us),” and pay careful attention. Painful punishment is for disbelievers. Disbelievers, be they people of the Book or polytheists, do not like to see any good come to you from your Sustainer, whereas Allah chooses whom He likes to shower with mercy; Allah is the Lord of Infinite Grace! (v. 104-105)
Whatever message We (God) overrides or causes to be forgotten (e.g., Mosaic Law for example), We brings one better than that or like it (e.g., Qur’anic Law). Don’t you realize that Allah has power over all things? Don’t you also realize that the heavens and the earth belong to Allah and that besides Allah you have no friend nor helper? (v. 106-107)
Do you wish to question your messengers as Moses was questioned before? Whoever prefers disbelief to faith loses his sense of direction. Many of the people of the Book wish, out of envy, that they could turn you (new Muslims) to disbelief after you believed, even though the truth has become clear to them. Be thoughtful and forgiving until Allah resolves this affair. Allah is ever Powerful over all things. (v. 108-109)
Maintain your worship (salat) and share your wealth with others (zakat)[24]. Whatever good you deposit for yourself, you will find it with Allah. Allah observes what you do.
They say, “Nobody will go to Heaven except the Jews or Christians.” These are their self-serving desires. Ask them, “Bring your proof if you are truthful.” (On the contrary), whoever submit to God wholeheartedly and are good (to others), they will have their rewards from their Sustainer God; for them there is no fear or grief. (v. 108-112)
The Jews say, “The Christians have no basis for their faith,” and the Christians say, “The Jews have no basis for their faith,” while they both read the (same divine) Book. Even those who have no knowledge say similar things. (Let them all know that) Allah will judge between them on the Day of Resurrection on what they (so vehemently) differ. (v. 113)
And who (do you think) is more unjust than he who obstructs (people) from the houses of Allah (to worship) and from remembering His name in these places and who actively wants to destroy places of worship, whereas it is not even proper for them to enter these places except in humility. They deserve disgrace in this world and severe punishment in the Hereafter. The East and the West belong to Allah, so whichever way you turn you will face Allah. Know that Allah is Generous and Knowing. (v. 114-115)
They say, “God has taken on a son.” He is above such a thing! Indeed, He owns whatever is in Heaven and on the earth, and they all obey Him, the wonderful Originator of the heavens and the earth! When He intends a certain outcome, He says to it, “Be,” and it becomes. (v. 113-117)
Those who are ignorant ask, “Why does Allah not talk to us or send us a sign?” Their talk is like those of others before them. They think alike. God has made the message transparent to those who take it seriously. God has sent you (Prophet) with the truth as the Messenger of good news and as a warner, and you (Prophet) will not be questioned regarding the (actions) of those who will find themselves in Hell.
Neither Jews nor Christians will be happy with you unless you (Muslims) follow their religions. Say to them, “The guidance of Allah is the (true) guidance.” So if you follow their errant views after true knowledge has come to you, then you will have no friendship or help from Allah.
Those to whom God has given the Book and those who follow it as it should be followed, they truly believe in it. Those who disbelieve will be the ones without any real guidance at the end.”
O children of Israel, remember My (God’s) blessings to you and how I favored you
over other nations. You should guard yourself against the day when no soul can assist another in the least, no compensation will be accepted, no intervention will profit you, and no help will be extended. (v. 118-123)
When his Lord tried Abraham with certain commands, and he fulfilled them, He (God) promised, “I will make you a leader of mankind.” And he replied, “How about from my offspring?” (God replied), “My promise does not include those that are unjust.”
God made the house (Ka’bah) a place of visitation for people, a sanctuary, and (commanded people) to take this place of Abraham as a place of worship. God also commanded Abraham and Ishmael, “Purify My house for those who intend to visit, bowing down in humility in front of God.” Abraham made supplication: “My Sustainer, make this city secure and provide fruits as provisions for its citizens who believe in Allah and the Hereafter.” He (God) replied, “(Even for its) citizens who disbelieve, I shall grant enjoyment for a short time and drive them to the punishment of Fire, an evil destination.”
As Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundation (of the Ka’bah), they supplicated (to God): “Our Sustainer, accept (our effort) since You are the Hearing and Knowing One. Make us both surrender to You, bring a nation out of our offspring to be humble, and turn to us (mercifully) since You are Forgiving and Merciful. Our Sustainer, raise a messenger who will explain Your messages to the people, teach them the Book and wisdom, and help purify them, since You are the Mighty and Wise!” (v. 124-129)
Who abandons the way of life of Abraham except one who lacks understanding? (Such a person should see that) God made Abraham pure (and chosen) in this world, and in the Hereafter, he will be with the righteous. When his Sustainer told him, “Submit to Me,” he said, “I submit myself to the Sustainer of the Universe!”
Abraham advised his children in the same way as did Jacob: “My sons (children), Allah has definitely chosen this way of life for you; therefore, do not die except in a state of submission.” If you had witnessed when Jacob was nearing death, he said to his sons (children), “Whom will you serve after my death?” They replied, “We shall serve your Lord and the Lord of your fathers—Abraham, Ishmael, and Isaac—the One and Only God, and we do submit to Him.” 61
These people have passed away! Their reward will come from what they did, and your reward will come from what you do, and you will not be asked as to what they did. (v. 130-134)
(When) they say, “Be a Jew or a Christian, and you will be on the right guidance,” say, “Why not (be on) the path of Abraham, who was always inclined to righteousness and did not ascribe divinity to anyone?” Say, “We believe in (1) ALLAH, (2) what has been revealed to us, (3) what has been revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the tribes (their descendants), (4) what was given to Moses and Jesus, (5) and what was given to (all) prophets by their Sustainer, (6) we make no comparison among the prophets, and (7) we surrender to Him (God) with sincere submission (as true Muslims).”
Hence if they believe as you (Prophet) believe, only then are they on the right guidance; and if they refuse, then they are in opposition (to what you believe), and Allah will protect you against them. He is ever Hearing and Knowing. (Say, let’s take on): “Allah’s color (essence), and who is better than Allah to give us His essence, and we are His worshippers.”
Tell them, “Do you dispute with us about Allah while He is our Sustainer and He is your Sustainer as well? We are responsible for our actions, and you are responsible for your actions. We are sincere to Him (but are you?). Or, do you mean to say that Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the tribes were Jews or Christians? Do you know better than Allah? Who is more irresponsible than he who hides a testimony that came from Allah? Allah is not indifferent to what you do.” (v. 135-140)
These people have passed away! Their reward will come from what they did, and your reward will come from what you do, and you will not be asked as to what they did.
The fools among the people say, “What has made them (Muslims) change their kiblah (direction of prayer) from what they had before?” Inform them, “The East and the West belong to ALLAH alone, and God guides to the right guidance whom God pleases.”
Thus, We (God) have distinguished you as a balanced community so that you may be a role model (witness) for the people just as the Prophet is a role model for you. And We did not make the kiblah that you longed for (right away) so that We might differentiate he who follows the Prophet from he who moves away from the Prophet. It was a difficult test (to make the change), except for those who are guided by God. (Rest assured) that Allah was not going to make your faith a failure. Allah is ever Compassionate and Merciful to mankind. (v. 141-143)
We (God) have seen you turn your face to Heaven (for guidance), so We will make you the master of the kiblah you desire. Then turn your face toward the Sacred Mosque (Ka’bah) and do so (pray) wherever you all may be. Those who were given the Book know that this is the truth from their Lord, and Allah is not indifferent to what they do.
Even if you were to bring all signs to those who have been given Books before, they would not turn to your kiblah, neither can you be a follower of their kiblah, nor do they follow each other’s kiblah. If you should follow their desires after knowledge has been attained by you, then you would become ignorant (like them).
They, who were given the Book, recognize him (Prophet Mohammad) as clearly as they recognize their (own) children. But a party of them hides the truth knowingly. (But you should know that) the truth is from your Lord, and (hence), do not place any doubt in it!
For everyone there is a goal to which they turn; therefore, compete in doing good deeds with each other, and wherever you happen to be, ALLAH will bring all together, as He has power over all things. From whatever place you start from, turn your face to the Sacred Mosque and know that this truth comes from your Sustainer. Allah is not the least bit negligent about what you do. (v. 144-149)
Whatever places you come from, turn your face to the Sacred Mosque, and wherever you are, turn your faces toward it. (This will ensure that) people will have no issues with you, except those who are unjust. Therefore, do not fear them, but stand in awe of Me (God) (and follow) so that I may complete My blessings and (help you) follow the right path.
As We (God) have sent a messenger from among you who recites to you God’s messages, who purifies your (soul and body), and who teaches you the Book, wisdom, and knowledge which you did not have (before).
Therefore, remember Me and I will remember you (make you prominent). Give thanks to Me and do not deny Me (as your God). (v. 150-152)
O Believers! Seek (God’s) assistance with patience (sabr) and constant devotion (salat) and (know that) ALLAH is with those who are patient.
Do not consider those who die in Allah’s service as dead. No, they are alive, but you cannot perceive. We (God) will try (each of) you with the likes of fear, hunger, and loss of property, lives, and harvest. But good news is for the patient ones who, in the face of adversity, respond by saying, “We belong to Allah, and to Him we will return.” On these people God showers His blessings and mercy. They are on the right path.
The Safa and Marwah (two mountains in the compound of the Ka’bah) are among the symbols of Allah, and for whoever makes the pilgrimage (Hajj) or pays a visit (Umrah) to the House (of God), there is no blame if he goes back and forth between the two. (For) whoever performs good (things) beyond what is required, then Allah is ever Responsive to gratitude (shakirun), and He is All-Knowing (a’limun).
Those who suppress and hide the truth and guidance that We (God) have revealed and explained to mankind using the divine revelations, they will be rejected by Allah and by others likewise. But those who repent, correct themselves, and accept the truth, to them I will turn in forgiveness, since I am the Acceptor of Repentance, and I am the God of Mercy. (v. 153-160)
Those who are bent on denying the truth and die as deniers of truth, they are the ones who will be rejected by Allah, by the angels, and by people – all of them. They will stay in that state of rejection; their suffering will neither be lightened nor stopped. (Remember), your God is One God; there is no body other than Him worthy of worship, He is most Gracious and full of Mercy!
The creation of the heavens and the earth, the constant successions of the night and the day, the ships that travel by sea benefiting mankind, the rain that Allah sends down from the sky, giving life to things on earth after their death (withering), the spreading of all creatures (and vegetation), the (constant) changing of the wind, and the clouds following directed paths between the sky and the earth—these are signs for people who reflect, reason, and understand! (v. 161-164)
Yet there are people who take objects (or people) other than ALLAH for worship and they love them as they should love Allah. But those who truly believe have stronger love for Allah. Had the wrongdoers seen the retributions, they would have realized that power belongs to Allah in its entirety and that Allah is capable of serious retribution (for evil deeds). When those who were worshipped will renounce their worshippers and face the retribution, their (mutual) relationship will end and those who worshipped will say, “If we could but return, then we would renounce them as they had done.” This is how Allah will show them how their own actions will become a source of overwhelming remorse, and they will not escape the Fire.
Eat what is lawful (morally, ethically, and physically) and all that is good on this earth and do not follow the footsteps of Satan (Shaitan) —he is an avowed adversary to you (mankind). (v. 165-168)
He (Satan) encourages you to commit evil and indecent actions and to speak about ALLAH without (proper) knowledge. (For example), when they are asked, “Follow what Allah has revealed,” they say, “No, we follow only that which we found our forefathers believing in and doing.” (God’s reply) “Are you following them even if your forefathers had neither proper reasoning nor followed proper guidance?”
The parable of those who continue to deny the truth is like the call of the shepherd to the beasts, who hear nothing but a call or a cry. These people are deaf, dumb, and blind, lacking all senses and not thinking or reasoning.
O Believers! Eat the good things that We (God) have provided for you and give thanks to Allah if He is the one you truly serve. God has forbidden (haram) for you only animals that died of itself, blood, the flesh of swine, and those which were (slaughtered) with names other than Allah’s. But if one takes it out of necessity and without willful neglect or without desire, then there is no sin on such individuals. Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. (v. 169-173)
Those who suppress (or alter) any revelations in the Books that ALLAH has revealed and exchange (falsify) for a small price, they are as if feeding fire into their stomachs. Allah will not speak to them on the Day of Resurrection, nor will He purify (forgive) them. They will have grievous punishment. They trade in error instead of guidance and seek punishment instead of forgiveness. They seem to fear little the Fire that awaits them! Such a consequence is expected because Allah reveals the truth in the Book while those who disagree move too far in opposition.
Righteousness is not that you turn your face East or West, but the (truly) righteous are those who (1) believe in Allah, the Last Day, the angels, the Book (of Revelation), and the prophets, (2) give away wealth for the love of God to relatives, orphans, the needy, travelers, and those who seek help, (3) free people out of bondage (e.g., slavery, debt, imprisonment without cause, etc.), (4) maintain prayer, (5) pay Zakat, (6) keep promises when they make promises, and (7) act with patience in times of distress, affliction, and conflict. These are the ones who are truthful and responsible (Muttaqun). (v. 174 – 177)
O Believers, just retribution is prescribed on you regarding the matter of killing—free for the free, slave for the slave, and female for the female (no substitution or excess). But if lesser punishment is acceptable to the heirs (grieving heirs in case of involuntary acts), the retribution can be reduced according to prevailing norms (agreed to by the community and put into practice) and executed in a good, honest manner.
This is an acceptable alleviation from your Sustainer and a (sign of His) mercy. Whoever then exceeds the limits after this will face serious consequences. The rule of just retribution is to sustain life and help you guard yourself. Try to be responsible if you understand! (v. 178-179)
It is mandated for you that at the time of approaching death, if you are going to leave behind (significant) wealth for parents and relatives, you should then make a bequest in a righteous manner—it is obligatory to the person who is consciously mindful and responsible (Muttaquin). If anyone changes it after hearing it (or changes a written document), then the sin is to the person who makes such a change, and ALLAH is full of Hearing and Knowing. But if one senses an incorrect or sinful action on the part of the testator and tries to facilitate an agreement between the parties, then there is no blame on the person (rather it is commendable), and Allah is always Forgiving and Merciful. (v. 180-182)
O Believers (Mo’men)! Fasting has been mandated as it was mandated for previous generations for a certain number of days so that one may become responsible (taqwa). But whoever is sick or is on a journey should make up that number of days later. Also, those who find it extremely difficult (to fast) can compensate by feeding a person in need (instead). Whoever does good work with deliberation, it is better, and you should know that fasting is good for you.
Ramadan is the month in which the Qur’an was revealed as guidance for mankind and as proof of the guidance (itself) as well as a means of differentiation (between good and evil; right and wrong). Therefore, whoever is present in (or witnesses) this month shall fast (during the month). (Again), if one is sick or is on a journey, one should fast an equal number of days (later). ALLAH wishes ease for you and not hardship. You should complete the number (of days of fasting) and glorify Allah’s Greatness for guiding you and to give thanks. (v. 183-185)
When my servants ask about Me, (Prophet) inform them that I am (always) near! I (always) respond to the call (or supplication) of those who call on Me. (So it is important) that they should hear My call and believe in Me so that they may be rightly guided.
It is acceptable for you to have sexual intimacy with your spouse during the night of the fasting. You are like garments for each other. ALLAH knows that you had acted unfairly among yourselves, so He turned to you in mercy and removed the hardship, making it acceptable to have intimate contact with your spouse (during the night) and (continue) to seek what Allah has commanded of you. Eat and drink till the whiteness of the day becomes visible from the darkness of the night at dawn, and then complete the fast until nightfall. Do not be in contact (sexually) with your spouse if you keep to the Mosque (during the last ten days of Ramadan). These are the guidelines of Allah, which you should not violate. In this way Allah makes His message clear to mankind so that they can act responsibly (yattaqun). (v. 186-187)
Do not grab the property of others by wrongful means nor seek access to judges so that you can gain (title to) the property of others wrongfully while you know!
They ask you about the new moon. Reply, “These are times appointed for (use by) mankind, including the time for Hajj.” It is of no righteousness that you enter the house through the back (door), but it is righteous that you develop a sense of proper responsibility (attaqa) and enter the house through their (normal) doors. Therefore, be mindful of your responsibilities (attaqu) to Allah that you may be successful. (v. 188-189)
Fight (if need be) in the pursuit of ALLAH’s guidance against those who initiate fighting against you, but don’t be the aggressor—Allah does not love the aggressors. And fight them wherever you find them and drive them out from where they drove you out, for persecution is worse than slaughter. Also, do not fight them in the precinct of the Sacred Mosque unless they fight you there. But if they fight you (in it), then fight them back. This is a fitting reply to the disbelievers.
But if they stop, then (know that) Allah is Forgiving and Merciful (i.e., you should stop as well). And continue fighting until there is no more oppression and Allah’s worship is allowed to flourish without hindrance. If they stop, there should be no more hostility, except (punishment) of the oppressors. (v. 190-193)
Fight during the sacred months if you are attacked, for the violation of sanctity is bound by the same law of just retribution. Whoever acts aggressively against you, you can retaliate only to the extent they have done harm to you and be mindful of your responsibilities (attaqu) to God (and mankind), and God supports those who are mindful of their duties (Muttaquin).
Expend in the service of ALLAH, and do not make your hand (by not giving) move you toward destruction. Persevere in doing (and being) good to others, and God loves the doers of good (Muhsinin). (v. 194-195)
Perform the pilgrimage (Hajj) and the visitation (Umrah) for the sake of ALLAH, but if you are prevented, then use whatever offering is easy to obtain and do not shave your head until the offering reaches its destination (completion). Now, if one of you is sick or has an ailment of the head, then fasting, alms, or sacrifice will be acceptable (as a substitute). And when (if) you are secure, then combine the visitation (Umrah) with the pilgrimage (Hajj) and take whatever offering is easy to secure. But whoever cannot afford should fast for three days during the pilgrimage and for seven days upon his return—these ten days will complete (the offering). This exception is for those whose families do not reside in (the vicinity of) the Sacred Mosque (Ka’bah). Keep your duty to God (attaqu) and be cognizant that God is capable of punishing severely.
The months of pilgrimage are well known. Then, whoever intends to perform Hajj in those months should refrain from (1) indecent speech, (2) abusing others, and (3) fighting (verbally or physically). Allah knows whenever you do any good. Take provision for yourselves while knowing that the best provision is your sense of responsibility (taqwa). Therefore, be mindful of your duty to Me, O people with understanding! (v. 196-197)
It is not inappropriate to seek provision (e.g., profit from trade during Hajj) from the bounty of your Sustainer (Rabb). When you move on from Arafat, remember ALLAH (much) near the Holy Monument (Muzdalafah, the valley between Arafat and the Ka’bah) and appreciate God’s guidance to you because, before, you were steeped in error.
Then join the people (in the plain of Arafat) and ask for Allah’s forgiveness, since Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. When you have completed your rituals, remember Allah as you remember your forefathers, rather with a better remembrance.
There are people who say, “O Our Sustainer, give us (everything) in this world.” For them, there will be no portion in the Hereafter. But then there are others who say, “O Our Sustainer, grant us good in this world and grant us good (equally) in the Hereafter, and save us from the punishment of the Hellfire.” These are they who will have their portions in accordance with what they have worked for, as Allah is prompt in taking account. (v. 198-202)
Remember ALLAH during the appointed days (three days in the valley of Mina, near Mecca, after the day of sacrifice). Then, whoever leaves in two days, he is not negligent, and whoever stays back, he has no blame, as long as you are mindful of your responsibilities (attaqa). Keep your duty to Allah (attaqu) and think about the fact that you will be gathered to God together.
There are people who please you with their eloquence about this world and swear by Allah as to their stated intent, yet they are (your) worst adversaries. They, when they get authority, make effort to cause mischief on the land and destroy man’s labor and their future. God does not love mischief (fasad)!
When these people are advised, “Be careful of your duty to God,” their pride pushes them to sin. (For such people), Hell is sufficient, and it is an evil place to be in. And there are people who willingly offer themselves to please (serve) Allah; Allah is compassionate to (such) servants.
O Believers! Surrender yourselves wholly (to God) and do not follow the Satan’s footsteps—he is a determined enemy (of mankind). If you fail after clear guidance has reached you, then you should know that Allah is ever Mighty and Wise! (v. 203-209)
(Those who ignore ALLAH’s message), are they waiting for Allah to reveal Himself to them in the shadow of the clouds with angels, though by then all matters would have been settled? (Be reminded that) all matters return to Allah (for final arbitration).
Ask the Children of Israel how many clear messages We (God) had given them. Whoever fails to appreciate the favor of Allah after it is given to them, then Allah is serious in taking accountability. The life of this world is made attractive to those who lack faith, and they make fun of those who believe. But those who are responsibly faithful (attaqau) will be ahead on the Day of Resurrection. Allah rewards whomever He pleases beyond measure.
Mankind is (created) as a single nation! God sent prophets as messengers and warners and revealed Books with truth for people to judge on matters in which they differed. Yet, people who were given the revelations (earlier) are the very people who disagreed, out of envy, when clear messages (the Qur’an) came to them. Truly, God guides by His will those who believe in the truth, against the differences (attributed by others). Allah guides whom He pleases to the Right Path. (v. 210-213)
Do you think you will have entry to Heaven while you have not faced (in the way of trial) something like what was faced by those who were before you? Difficulties and distresses descended on them to such an extent that they were terrified, and the prophets with their companions cried out, “When will Allah’s help come?” But surely ALLAH’s help is ever close at hand.
They ask you (Prophet) as to what they should spend. (Say), “Good spending begins with parents, relatives, orphans, the needy, and (stranded) travelers.” Whatever good you do, God has full knowledge of it. (v. 214-215)
Fighting (for a just cause) is a must even if you dislike it. Perhaps you dislike a certain thing that is good for you while you may like something that is bad for you. ALLAH knows while you do not.
1 Its origin and its content are without doubt or blemish, an affirmation from God about this revelation!
2 “Muttaqin” is derived from Taqwa which is derived from root word wa-qaf-ya implying an intense desire to maintain the true essence of God which is already in us and to act responsibly with this awesome potential for human development (both inward and outward)
3 Provisions come in various forms – harvest, wages, wealth, home, intellect, good health, children and family, followings, safety, community – to name a few
4 “Kafaru” implies denial of truth and being ungrateful to God as a consequence- commonly translated to designate non-believers (non-necessarily non-Muslims, especially those of Jews and Christians who are designated as People of the Book)
5 “Azab” is commonly translated as punishment or torment – I have opted to use consequences since azab is a natural consequence of bad conducts and denial of God rather than just an act of God, as God says repeatedly in the Qur’an that God intends no injustice to its creation and God’s mercy and forgiveness dominates the natural order of the universe
6 “Shaiatinuhum” – their Devils or Satan – a common reference in the Qur’an for bad company who provokes bad behavior and rebellion against God’s guidance
7 This is a common phrase in the Qur’an asserting that God controls everything in the universes and God’s creations, including humans – though we are privileged to limited freedom to act and to face the consequences
8 “Bina’an” – protective layers that surrounds our earth – atmosphere, ozone layer, magnetic field to name a few
9 “Khalifa” has multiple nuanced meanings – representative, steward, trustee, successor, overseer as an agent, etc.
10 “asma’a”– names and words signifying knowledge and the derived wisdom to do rightful conducts are what gave human kind the supremacy over other creations
11 Iblis – Shaitan or Satan in the Bible. The Qur’an mentions Iblis to be a jinn and not an angel and as such refutes the Christian notion of a fallen angel, commonly known as Lucifer.
12 The Qur’an is silent about the Biblical creation of Eve from Adam’s rib and assumes as if she was there with Adam all along.
13 The Qur’an negates the notion that Eve fell prey to Satan’s whisper, as related in the Bible and assigns the blame of disobedience to Adam and Eve equally
14 In Islam there is no concept of original sin, a doctrine that is deeply embedded in Christian theology. God forgave and relegated them to earthly life to experience and contrast the pleasure of a virtuous life to that an evil life and to earn the right to live in heaven or in hell depending on life’s chosen pursuits, as we are free to choose
15 The mode of worldly friendship, assistance, compensation, etc. will cease to exist except what God allows out of God’s grace, mercy and forgiveness.
16 Exod. 19:16–17, and 7:155
17 See Num. 25:1-3
18 Misr – could also mean a town, possibly nearby, rather than Egypt
19 Sabians are mentioned three times in the Qur’an – here, 5:69 and 22:17 – considered a monotheistic religious group, following creeds adopted from both Judaism and Christianity (See M Asad p40,note 49?)
20 Reaching the lowest level of human conduct – see 62:5, 5:60, 4:47, 95:5 and Ezek. 22:8-15
21 ghulfun – plural of ghilaf or aghlaf – meaning either a covering or a case or a vessel that contains things or covering that prevents any further content into the vessel.
22 In Arabic Jibril and Mikail
23 Refers to Jews and Christians primarily and, by implication, any religious group that claims to have a scripture or a holy book from God)
24 obligatory charity of 2.5% of assets – a wealth tax incumbent on all believers to be dedicated to social and civil purpose
